Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Definition

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development.

Core Symptom Domains

• Inattention: difficulty sustaining focus, poor organization, forgetfulness, and distractibility.
• Hyperactivity: excessive movement, restlessness, difficulty remaining seated.
• Impulsivity: acting without forethought, interrupting others, difficulty delaying responses.

Clinical Presentation

ADHD may present differently across individuals and across the lifespan. Symptoms often appear in childhood and may persist into adolescence and adulthood. Academic difficulties, behavioral challenges, and social strain are common associated features.

Types of ADHD

• Predominantly Inattentive Presentation
• Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation
• Combined Presentation

Impact on Learning and Behavior

ADHD can significantly affect classroom behavior, task completion, time management, and emotional regulation. Without appropriate structure and support, affected individuals may be misinterpreted as careless, lazy, or oppositional.

Support and Management (Educational Focus)

• Structured routines and clear expectations
• Task breakdown and visual reminders
• Positive reinforcement and feedback
• Collaboration between educators, caregivers, and clinicians